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The definition of a robot is very broad, from an industrial robot working in a factory to a small household cleaning robot. By the broadest definition, something is a robot if it is seen by many people as a robot. Many roboticists (people who build robots) use a more precise definition. They stipulated that robots should have reprogrammable brains (computers) to move their bodies.
According to this definition, the difference between robots and other moving machines, such as cars, is their computer element. Many new cars have onboard computers, but can only use them for minor adjustments. The driver directly controls most of the vehicle through a variety of mechanical devices. Robots differ from ordinary computers in their physical properties. Each of them is connected to the body, whereas a normal computer is not.
Most robots do have some characteristics in common
First, almost all robots have moving objects. Some have only electric wheels, while others have a large number of moving parts, usually made of metal or plastic. Similar to human bones, these separate parts are connected by joints.
The wheels and shafts of the robot are connected by some kind of transmission. Some robots use electric motors and solenoids as actuators. Others use hydraulic systems; Some use pneumatic systems (systems driven by compressed gas). The robot may use any of the above gearing devices.
Second, the robot needs energy to drive these transmissions. Most robots will be powered by batteries or wall sockets. In addition, the hydraulic robot needs a pump to pressurize the liquid, while the pneumatic robot needs a gas compressor or a compressed gas tank.
All transmission equipment is connected to the circuit via wires. The circuit directly supplies power to the motor and solenoid and operates an electronic valve to start the hydraulic system. The valve controls the path of pressurized fluid flowing through the machine. For example, if the robot is to move a hydraulically driven leg, its controller will open a valve that leads from a hydraulic pump to a piston cylinder on the leg. Pressurized fluid will push the piston, causing the leg to rotate forward. Typically, the robot uses a piston that provides thrust in both directions so that the part can move in both directions.
The robot's computer can control all the components connected to the circuit. To make the robot move, the computer will open all the necessary motors and valves. Most robots are reprogrammable. If you want to change the robot's behavior, you simply write the new program to its computer.
Not all robots have sensor systems. Few robots can see, hear, smell or taste. One of the most common knowledge of a robot is its sense of motion, or its ability to monitor its own movements. In the standard design, grooved wheels are mounted at the joints of the robot. One side of the wheel has a light-emitting diode that sends a light beam through a groove and onto a light sensor on the other side of the wheel. When the robot moves a particular joint, the wheels with the grooves rotate. During this process, the grooves will block the light beam.
An optical sensor reads the scintillation pattern of the beam and transmits the data to a computer. The computer can accurately calculate the joint rotation distance based on this model. The basic system used in a computer mouse is the same.
These are the basic components of a robot. There are countless ways roboticists can combine these elements to create robots of infinite complexity. A robotic arm is one of the most common designs.